PYROSILICATES CYCLIC SILICATES ,CHAIN SILICATES,3 D SILICATES

Silicates | PyroSilicates | Chain Silicates | 3D Silicates | Pyrosilicate representaion | Si2O76- |Beryl | pyroxenes | sheet like structure | china clay | Zeolite | Quartz | Feldspar | Ultramarine | uses of silicates | Glass , ceramics ;Orthosilicates are discrete SiO4^4- tetrahedra that do not share oxygen atoms, such as olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 and beryl Be3Al2(SiO3)6. Pyrosilicates have two SiO4 tetrahedra joined by sharing one oxygen, forming the Si2O7^6- unit. Chain silicates, like pyroxenes and amphiboles, link tetrahedra by sharing two oxygens to form chains. 3D silicates, like quartz and feldspars, share all four oxygens, forming a 3D network. Clay minerals like kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 have a sheet-like phyllosilicate structure. Zeolites, with a 3D framework containing channels and cages, are used as catalysts and adsorbents. Quartz (SiO2) is the most common tectosilicate mineral, with a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale. Feldspars are major components of granite, and ultramarine is a blue pigment made by heating a mixture of kaolin, sulfur, sodium carbonate, and carbon. Major uses of silicates include glass, ceramics, cements, abrasives, fillers and extenders, catalysts (zeolites), adsorbents, and ultramarine particles.