This Is Not A Bee
It can be hard to distinguish bees from all the other insects out there that look like bees.
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If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling here:
Mullerian mimicry: a type of mimicry in which two or more animals with defenses develop similar appearances as a shared protective device
Batesian mimicry: a type of mimicry in which an animal with no defenses is protected by its resemblance to an animal capable of defense
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:
Brower J.V.Z. & Brower L.P., (1965). Experimental studies of mimicry. 8. Further investigations of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their dronefly mimics (Eristalis spp.). American Naturalist 99:173–187. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2459113.pdf
Dyer, F., Jan 2017, personal communication.
Franks, D. W. and Noble, J., (2002). The origins of mimicry rings. Standish, R. K., Bedau, M. A. and Abbass, H. A.(eds.) In Artificial Life VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press., pp. 186-191. http://alife8.alife.org/proceedings/sub2852.pdf
Pasteur, G., (1982). A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 13: 169–199.
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125?journalCode=ecolsys.1
Rettenmeyer, C.W., (1970). Insect Mimicry. Annual Review of Entomology 15: 43-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.000355.
Wilson, J., Jan 2017, personal communication.
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Image Credits:
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) - Charles James Sharp
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honey_bee_(Apis_mellifera).jpg
Sugar bag bee - Graham Wise
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetragonula_carbonaria_(14521993792).jpg
Agapostemon virescens - Susan Ellis
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agapostemon_virescens.jpg
Amegilla cingulata bee - Chiswick Chap
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg
Drone fly (Eristalis tenax) - Francis C. Franklin
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eristalis_tenax_and_flowers.jpg
Eumeninae Wasp - Joaquim Alves Gaspar
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wasp_August_2007-3.jpg
Sesia apiformis - Gyorgy Csoka
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sesia_apiformis_adult1.jpg
Lunate Blister Beetle - Bernard DUPONT
https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/12748380493/
Plain Lacewing (Cethosia hypsea) caterpillar - Bernard Dupont
https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/22723162703
Nymph of Green Milkweed Locust (Phymateus viridipes) - Bernard DUPONT
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nymph_of_Green_Milkweed_Locust_(Phymateus_viridipes)_(13983971884).jpg
Eristalis tenax - Wilder Kaiser
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eristalis_tenax_01Aug2009.jpg
Yellow Jacket Wasp - Wikimedia user Bombman356
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_jacket_wasp.jpg
